What are the two types of semiconductors?

Semiconductors are classified primarily into two types based on the charge carriers that dominate their electrical conduction: N-type and P-type.

In an N-type semiconductor, extra electrons (negative charge carriers) are introduced into the material, typically by doping with elements that have more valence electrons than the semiconductor itself, such as phosphorus in silicon. This increased number of free electrons enhances conductivity.

Conversely, P-type semiconductors are created by doping with elements that have fewer valence electrons, such as boron in silicon, which creates "holes." These holes act as positive charge carriers because they represent a lack of an electron. When an electron moves to fill a hole, it creates another hole, allowing for the movement of charge within the semiconductor.

This distinction is crucial for the operation of semiconductor devices, especially in creating p-n junctions that form the basis for diodes and transistors, essential components in electronic circuits.