What is defined as a science of reasoning based on known information?

The correct response highlights that computer logic fundamentally revolves around the principles of reasoning derived from known information. It encompasses the systematic study of how to model and manage logical operations, which are essential for computational processes. In computer science, logic is critical for developing algorithms, making decisions, and understanding the structures of programming languages.

While mathematics deals with abstract quantities and structures and can relate to logic, it is broader than just the reasoning aspect. Digital theory focuses on the representation and processing of digital signals, which does not specifically center on reasoning per se. Data analysis involves interpreting and deriving insights from data, which may utilize logical reasoning but is more concerned with extracting patterns and conclusions from datasets rather than the foundational science of reasoning itself.

Thus, computer logic stands out as the discipline that specifically and directly addresses the science of reasoning based on known information, effectively connecting reasoning processes to computational functions.